[86], Yaxchilan flourished in the 8th and 9th centuries. [138][139] Seafood is a strong component in many dishes along the coast. Many Protestant Tzotzil have accused the Tzeltal of ethnic discrimination and intimidation due to their religious beliefs and the Tzeltal have in return accused the Tzotzil of singling them out for discrimination. [118] According to oral tradition, the Tojolabales came north from Guatemala. [79] The Lacandon comprises a biosphere reserve (Montes Azules); four natural protected areas (Bonampak, Yaxchilan, Chan Kin, and Lacantum); and the communal reserve (La Cojolita), which functions as a biological corridor with the area of Petén in Guatemala. [21] This action followed previous protests in the state in opposition to neoliberal economic policies. This dramatically altered their lifestyle and worldview. [16], During the pre Classic era, it is known that most of Chiapas was not Olmec, but had close relations with them, especially the Olmecs of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. The Lacandon Jungle is one of the last major tropical rainforests in the northern hemisphere with an extension of 600,000 ha (1,500,000 acres). Some of these buildings have disappeared and others have been covered by jungle for about 3,000 years, unexplored. Una vez consumada la Independencia de México, los habitantes del territorio del actual estado de Chiapas, incluido el partido del Soconusco, enfrentaron un dilema: formar parte de Guatemala, de México o permanecer como una colonia del Imperio Español. [32], Although the Liberals had mostly triumphed in the state and the rest of the country by the 1860s, Conservatives still held considerable power in Chiapas. This was mostly by way of guerrilla actions headed by farm owners who called themselves the Mapaches. There are also 780 other establishments catering primarily to tourism, such as services and restaurants. Elites of the area would not accept this until 1844. El origen de los aluxes 12 April 2015. [21][27] The State of Chiapas was officially declared in 1824, with its first constitution in 1826. [142] By 2015, many indigenous Mayans and more than 700[143] Tzotzils have converted to Islam. In 2002, 28,582 tons of fish valued at 441.2 million pesos was produced. [128], The major center for ceramics in the state is the city of Amatenango del Valle, with its barro blanco (white clay) pottery. However, there are a number of architectural styles and influences present in Chiapas colonial structures, including colors and patterns from Oaxaca and Central America along with indigenous ones from Chiapas. [110], Some indigenous people mix Christianity with Indian beliefs. Ojo: Una educación de calidad es la mejor herramienta que le podemos dar a nuestros . Other mines are found in Huitiupán, Totolapa, El Bosque, Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacán, Pantelhó and San Andrés Duraznal. [64] There was some ambiguity about the relationship between Ruiz and Marcos and it was a constant feature of news coverage, with many in official circles using such to discredit Ruiz. Perteneció al Reino de Guatemala, hasta su anexión a México en 1821. [97], While Catholics remain the majority, their numbers have dropped as many have converted to Protestant denominations in recent decades. [76][121], Industry is limited to small and micro enterprises and include auto parts, bottling, fruit packing, coffee and chocolate processing, production of lime, bricks and other construction materials, sugar mills, furniture making, textiles, printing and the production of handcrafts. The descendants of Mokaya are the Mixe-Zoque. [123], The state university is the Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas (UNACH). These factors encouraged the rebellion to go national. Major airports include Llano San Juan in Ocozocoautla, Francisco Sarabia National Airport (which was replaced by Ángel Albino Corzo International Airport) in Tuxtla Gutiérrez and Corazón de María Airport (which closed in 2010) in San Cristóbal de las Casas. Te contamos la historia de cómo se unió Chiapas a México, ya que pudo ser parte de Guatemala. The oldest is pozol, originally the name for a fermented corn dough. [41], These still required cheap and steady labor to be provided by the indigenous population. However, Catholic beliefs were mixed with indigenous ones to form what is now called "traditionalist" Catholic belief. Much of the division between the highland and lowland ruling families was for whom the Indians should work for and for how long as the main shortage was of labor. Mayan civilization in the Lacandon area is marked by rising exploitation of rain forest resources, rigid social stratification, fervent local identity, waging war against neighboring peoples. They inhabit about a million hectares of rainforest but from the 16th century to the present, migrants have taken over the area, most of which are indigenous from other areas of Chiapas. Among these cities are Palenque, Bonampak, Yaxchilan, Chinkultic, Toniná and Tenón. [27] By the following June the city of San Cristóbal was surrounded by several thousand Indians, who offered the exchanged of several Ladino captives for their religious leaders and stones. [103] This area is filled with rolling hills with a temperate and moist climate. They read their proclamation of revolt to the world and then laid siege to a nearby military base, capturing weapons and releasing many prisoners from the jails. [101], Over the history of Chiapas, there have been 3 main indigenous groups: the Mixes-Zoques, the Mayas and the Chiapa. México y Guatemala comparten 965 kilómetros. Rail lines extend over 547.8 km. The western highlands are displaced faults, while the eastern highlands are mainly folds of sedimentary formations – mainly limestone, shale, and sandstone. The Mapaches continued to fight against socialists and communists in Mexico from 1920 to 1936, to maintain their control over the state. [103] Language maintenance has been strongest in areas related to where the Zapatista uprising took place such as the municipalities of Altamirano, Chamula, Chanal, Larráinzar, Las Margaritas, Ocosingo, Palenque, Sabanilla, San Cristóbal de Las Casas and Simojovel. These foreign immigrants would introduce coffee production to the areas, as well as modern machinery and professional administration of coffee plantations. These unions would later form the base of the EZLN organization. [116], The Tzeltals call themselves Winik atel, which means "working men." [136], The two best-known poets from the state are Jaime Sabines and Rosario Castellanos, both from prominent Chiapan families. [46] Most of the members of these organization were from Protestant and Evangelical sects as well as "Word of God" Catholics affiliated with the political movements of the Diocese of Chiapas. It is used in over 80% of homes. Indian populations are concentrated in a few areas, with the largest concentration of indigenous-language-speaking individuals is living in 5 of Chiapas's 9 economic regions: Los Altos, Selva, Norte, Fronteriza, and Sierra. [16] The Spanish also established missions, mostly under the Dominicans, with the Diocese of Chiapas established in 1538 by Pope Paul III. [117] The Ch’ol language belongs to the Maya family and is related to Tzeltal, Tzotzil, Lacandon, Tojolabal, and Yucatec Mayan. For this reason, construction of highways and communications were pushed to help with economic development. La nacion Provincias Unidas del Centro de America no duro mucho tiempo porque las diferentes provincias eran liderados por caudillos locales que realmente querian la independencia y a partir de 1938 se constituyeron las cinco republicas independientes. [138][139] Tamales juacanes are filled with a mixture of black beans, dried shrimp, and pumpkin seeds. [98] Construction of these units varies from modern construction of block and concrete to those constructed of wood and laminate. All of the hydroelectric plants are owned and operated by the Federal Electricity Commission (Comisión Federal de Electricidad, CFE). Chiapas is the southernmost state in Mexico, and it borders the states of Oaxaca to the west, Veracruz to the northwest, and Tabasco to the north,[11] and the Petén, Quiché, Huehuetenango, and San Marcos departments of Guatemala to the east and southeast. [111], The state's rich indigenous tradition along with its associated political uprisings, especially that of 1994, has great interest from other parts of Mexico and abroad. As of the 2005 Census, there were 957,255 people who spoke an indigenous language out of a total population of about 3.5 million. [76] Laguna Miramar is a lake in the Montes Azules reserve and the largest in the Lacandon Jungle at 40 km in diameter. [73] Chiapas is still considered[by whom?] Son personas que pertenece a la Organización de Trabajadores y Campesinos de Los Altos de Chiapas (OTACH), originarias de Chiapas y de Guatemala, las que intentaron invadir terrenos en la zona ganadera del Río Chumpán, del Ejido Santa Rita, que pertenece a la Junta Municipal de Mamantel.. En el lugar rompieron cercas y alambrados, sin embargo, estas invasiones están fuera de la ley por . [16][17], From the colonial period Chiapas was relatively isolated from the colonial authorities in Mexico City and regional authorities in Guatemala. [20] Most of Chiapas's tourism is based on its culture, colonial cities and ecology. These include Centro, Altos, Fronteriza, Frailesca, Norte, Selva, Sierra, Soconusco and Istmo-Costa. The border between Mexico and Guatemala had been traditionally poorly guarded, due to diplomatic considerations, lack of resources and pressure from landowners who need cheap labor sources. [21], As of 1778, Thomas Kitchin described Chiapas as "the metropolis of the original Mexicans," with a population of approximately 20,000, and consisting mainly of indigenous peoples. This area receives moisture from the Gulf of Mexico with abundant rainfall and exuberant vegetation, which creates the Lacandon Jungle, one of the most important rainforests in Mexico. [21] 22 municipalities have indigenous populations over 90%, and 36 municipalities have native populations exceeding 50%. Today, the canyon is a popular destination for ecotourism. [20], The most important instrument in the state is the marimba. San Cristóbal, allied with San Juan Chamula, tried to regain the state's capital but the effort failed. [32], The Zapatista movement has had some successes. [21], Chiapas accounts for 1.73% of Mexico's GDP. [16], Liberal land reforms would have negative effects on the state's indigenous population unlike in other areas of the country. [142] President Vicente Fox voiced concerns about the influence of the fundamentalism and possible connections to the Zapatistas and the Basque terrorist organization Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), but it appeared that converts had no interest in political extremism. [163] Puerto Chiapas serves to import and export products across the Pacific to Asia, the United States, Canada and South America. Along with Cuban Juan Arozamena, they composed the piece "Las chiapanecas" considered to be the unofficial anthem of the state. This is particularly significant problem among the Tzeltals and Tzotzils. Its altitude varies from 500 to 1,500 m (1,600 to 4,900 ft). border around the same time. Collier, George A. There are still Zoque ruins at Janepaguay, the Ocozocuautla and La Ciénega valleys. De hecho, se estima que el 32.7 por ciento del total de la población estatal es indígena. A Time of Reconquest: History, the Maya Revival, and the Zapatista Rebellion. They live near the ruins of Bonampak and Yaxchilan and local lore states that the gods resided here when they lived on Earth. [32] Coffee is cultivated on the slopes of these mountains mostly between 600 and 1,200 m (2,000 and 3,900 ft) asl. 8.2M views, 110K likes, 2.9K loves, 10K comments, 55K shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Badabun: ¿Por qué Guatemala perdió Chiapas? [21][34] The basis of the uprising was the establishment of the "three stones cult" in Tzajahemal. Nuestro directorio / guía de las instituciones educativas que operan en los diferentes niveles educativos dentro del Estado de México te brinda toda la información de CITY KIDS para que puedas imprimir o descargarlo fácilmente en formato PDF o Microsoft Word:. [75][106] Most indigenous communities are found in the municipalities of the Centro, Altos, Norte and Selva regions, with many having indigenous populations of over fifty percent. The oldest archaeological remains in the seat are located at the Santa Elena Ranch in Ocozocoautla whose finds include tools and weapons made of stone and bone. It is also home to one of the largest indigenous populations in the country, with ten federally recognized ethnicities. The canyon is emblematic for the state as it is featured in the state seal. Most of the first are short rivers and streams; most longer ones flow to the Gulf. This was not only motivated by ideology, but also due to the need to raise money. “Plaza Muk’ul Ton” or Monuments Plaza where people used to gather for ceremonies was also unearthed by the team.[156][157]. [129] The most traditional ceramic in Amatenango and Aguacatenango is a type of large jar called a cantaro used to transport water and other liquids. [166][167], Agriculture, livestock, forestry and fishing. This order also worked to make sure that communities would keep their indigenous name with a saint's prefix leading to names such as San Juan Chamula and San Lorenzo Zinacantán. Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal | 14 de septiembre de 2017 Of these, 14% do not speak Spanish. From then until 1500 CE, social organization of the region fragmented into much smaller units and social structure became much less complex. Many of these regions are based on state and federal highway systems. There are 105 universities and similar institutions with 58 public and 47 private serving over 60,500 students. There is an international airport located eleven km (6.8 mi) away as well as a railroad terminal ending at the port proper. [139] Pepita con tasajo is a common dish at festivals especially in Chiapa de Corzo. Conozca cuáles son los diferentes Tipos de Empresa según el sector de actividad, tamaño, propiedad del capital, ámbito de actividad, destino de los beneficios y forma jurídica. [144] In San Cristóbal, the Murabitun established a pizzeria, a carpentry workshop[145] and a Quranic school (madrasa) where children learned Arabic and prayed five times a day in the backroom of a residential building, and women in head scarves have become a common sight. The terrain is flat and prone to flooding during the rainy season as it was built by sediments deposited by rivers and streams heading to the Gulf. The conquistadors brought previously unknown diseases. Se trata de un personaje legendario de la tradición oral guatemalteca también conocido como el Tzitzimite, el Tzipitío o el Duende. The canyon has steep and vertical sides that rise to up to 1000 meters from the river below with mostly tropical rainforest but some areas with xerophile vegetation such as cactus can be found. [38] The indigenous force was quickly dispersed and routed with government troops pursuing pockets of guerrilla resistance in the mountains until 1870. Mexico produces about 4 million sacks of green coffee each year, fifth in the world behind Brazil, Colombia, Indonesia and Vietnam. [83] Most of these migrants are peasant farmers, who cut forest to plant crops. It also resulted in some brief respites for Indians during times when the instability led to uncollected taxes. [78], The Eastern Mountains (Montañas del Oriente) are in the east of the state, formed by various parallel mountain chains mostly made of limestone and sandstone. [50][61] The National Presbyterian Church in Mexico is particularly strong in Chiapas, the state can be described as one of the strongholds of the denomination. The Welib Já Waterfall is located on the road between Palenque and Bonampak. [76] Nahá–Metzabok is an area in the Lacandon Forest whose name means "place of the black lord" in Nahuatl. This dough has its origins in the pre-Hispanic period. [140] The Diocese of Chiapas comprises almost the entire state, and centered on San Cristobal de las Casas. Of this one million, one third do not speak Spanish. [112] Most live around the Tacaná volcano, which the Mams call "our mother" as it is considered to be the source of the fertility of the area's fields. [19] It is not known what ended the civilization but theories range from over population size, natural disasters, disease, and loss of natural resources through over exploitation or climate change. One particular area where this is strong is the central highlands in small communities such as San Juan Chamula. [68], There are an estimated 1.4 million students in the state from preschool on up. [61][69] Much of this has been based on religion, pitting those of the traditional Catholic/indigenous beliefs who support the traditional power structure against Protestants, Evangelicals and Word of God Catholics (directly allied with the Diocese) who tend to oppose it. A small war broke out between Tuxtla Gutiérrez and San Cristobal in 1911. [116] Indigenous girls often learn how to sew and embroider before they learn how to speak Spanish. Guatemala. The best textiles are considered to be from Magdalenas, Larráinzar, Venustiano Carranza and Sibaca. [140], The Spanish Murabitun community, the Comunidad Islámica en España, based in Granada in Spain, and one of its missionaries, Muhammad Nafia (formerly Aureliano Pérez), now emir of the Comunidad Islámica en México, arrived in the state of Chiapas shortly after the Zapatista uprising and established a commune in the city of San Cristóbal. It has a wide range of climates but little arable land. This, as well as overwork on plantations, dramatically decreased the indigenous population. Fish production is generated both from the ocean as well as the many freshwater rivers and lakes. [105] The most common Western Maya languages are Tzeltal and Tzotzil along with Chontal, Ch’ol, Tojolabal, Chuj, Kanjobal, Acatec, Jacaltec and Motozintlec. Next to it there is an industrial park that covers 2,340,000 m2 (25,200,000 sq ft; 234 ha; 580 acres). It covers 331,200 ha (818,000 acres) in the municipalities of Maravilla Tenejapa, Ocosingo and Las Margaritas. These Mayan sites have made the state an attraction for international tourism. [51], The arrival of thousands of refugees from Central America stressed Mexico's relationship with Guatemala, at one point coming close to war as well as a politically destabilized Chiapas. A significant percentage of PEMEX's drilling and refining takes place in Chiapas and Tabasco, and Chiapas produces fifty-five percent of Mexico's hydroelectric energy. It was begun when an organization to establish a state level institution was formed in 1965, with the university itself opening its doors ten years later in 1975. 561.1.#.a: Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, UNAM. The state was part of a large region dominated by the Mayans during the Classic period. [46] One reason for the Church's efforts to reach out to the indigenous population was that starting in the 1970s, a shift began from traditional Catholic affiliation to Protestant, Evangelical and other Christian sects. [121][130] The state capital of Tuxtla Gutiérrez does not have many colonial era structures left, but it lies near the area's most famous natural attraction of the Sumidero Canyon. [135], Art in Chiapas is based on the use of color and has strong indigenous influence. This regionalism impeded the economy as local authorities restrained outside goods. La distancia por carretera es de 576.4 km. [134] It is one of the most elaborately decorated in Mexico. Meat dishes are frequently accompanied by vegetables such as squash, chayote and carrots. Almost all of these kilometers are paved. Seis cárteles operan el tráfico de drogas, secuestro y extorsión en Chiapas, una entidad colindante con Centroamérica, en la que además se tiene identificada la presencia de las pandillas Mara Salvatrucha 13, Barrio 18 y cinco grupos subversivos más. [81] Since then coffee production has grown and diversified to include large plantations, the use and free and forced labor and a significant sector of small producers. [20][75], The state has a complex geography with seven distinct regions according to the Mullerried classification system. It is formed by the San Vicente River and has pools of water at the bottom popular for swimming. Chiapas is ranked second in forest resources in Mexico with valued woods such as pine, cypress, Liquidambar, oak, cedar, mahogany and more. Visitors can take boat trips down the river that runs through the canyon and see the area's many birds and abundant vegetation. [150] The site contains impressive ruins, with palaces and temples bordering a large plaza upon a terrace above the Usumacinta River. [116], Ninety-four percent of the state's commercial outlets are small retail stores with about 6% wholesalers. It lacked mineral wealth, large areas of arable land, and easy access to markets. The new Ladino landowners occupied their acquired lands as well as others, such as shopkeepers, opened up businesses in the center of Indian communities. [61] A study as early as the 1970s showed that 77 percent of heads of household migrated outside of the Chamula municipality as local land did not produce sufficiently to support families. Harvests are celebrated on the Feast of Saint Rose on 30 August. It extends over two of the regions of the state, the Central Depression and the Central Highlands over the municipalities of Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Nuevo Usumacinta, Chiapa de Corzo and San Fernando. These have added ethnicities such as the Kekchi, Chuj, Ixil, Kanjobal, K'iche' and Cakchikel to the population. [100] Today, there are about 500,000 Tzeltal Indians in Chiapas. [139], Cheese making is important, especially in the municipalities of Ocosingo, Rayon and Pijijiapan. Preschool and primary schools are divided into modalities called general, indigenous, private and community educations sponsored by CONAFE. While there has been inter-ethnic political activism such as that promoted by the Diocese of Chiapas in the 1970s and the Zapatista movement in the 1990s, there has been inter-indigenous conflict as well. These haciendas provide visitors with the opportunity to see how coffee is grown and initially processed on these farms. Traditional Mesoamerican crops such as maize, beans, squash, and chili peppers are the most important, but a variety of other crops, including wheat, manioc, sweet potatoes, cotton, chayote, some fruits, other vegetables, and coffee. Two main communities in the area are called Nahá and Metzabok. The bus journey time between Chiapas and Guatemala City is around 13h and covers a distance of around 655 km. Tension among the groups reached its peak in the 1990s with a large number of people injured during open clashes. [121] Chiapas ranks second among the Mexican states in the production of cacao, the product used to make chocolate, and is responsible for about 60 percent of Mexico's total coffee output. However, the power of Palenque would be lost by the end of the century. Indigenous forms derive from this background and continue into the colonial period with the use of indigenous color schemes in churches and modern structures such as the municipal palace in Tapachula. [72] Its economy is important to Mexico as a whole as well, producing coffee, corn, cacao, tobacco, sugar, fruit, vegetables and honey for export. These efforts were also supported by leftist organizations from outside Mexico, especially to form unions of ejido organizations. [32][69] While armed resistance has wound down, the Zapatistas have remained a strong political force, especially around San Cristóbal and the Lacandon Jungle, its traditional bases. This is Chiapas's major coffee-producing area, as it has the best soils and climate for coffee. Added to this was there were still serf like conditions for many workers and insufficient educational infrastructure. [151] Yaxchilan is known for the large quantity of excellent sculpture at the site, such as the monolithic carved stelae and the narrative stone reliefs carved on lintels spanning the temple doorways. It contains about sixty percent of Mexico's tropical tree species, 3,500 species of plants, 1,157 species of invertebrates and over 500 of vertebrate species. The terrain is rugged with small valleys whose natural vegetation is high altitude rainforest. There are 22 other airfields in twelve other municipalities. Guerrero, México. One uprising against high tribute payments occurred in the Tzeltal communities in the Los Alto region in 1712. Chiapas, estado (state) of southern Mexico. It also includes burials. Another important factor to this movement would be the role of the Catholic Church from the 1960s to the 1980s. [12] Contents 1 History 1.1 Pre-Columbian Era 1.2 Colonial period 1.3 Era of Independence 1.4 Era of the Liberal Reform This climate exhibits a summer rainy season and a dry winter, with possibilities of frost from December to March. ¿Cómo viajo desde Chiapas a Ciudad de Guatemala sin un coche? [127], Chiapas's most important handcraft is textiles, most of which is cloth woven on a backstrap loom. In 1980, several ejido (communal land organizations) joined to form the Union of Ejidal Unions and United Peasants of Chiapas, generally called the Union of Unions, or UU. In the highest elevations around 1,800 m (5,900 ft), temperatures are somewhat cooler and do experience a winter. "[60], This small band, called the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, EZLN), came to the world's attention when on January 1, 1994 (the day the NAFTA treaty went into effect) EZLN forces occupied and took over the towns of San Cristobal de las Casas, Las Margaritas, Altamirano, Ocosingo and three others. Eighteen out of every 100 people 15 years or older cannot read or write, compared to 7/100 nationally. [116] Many pieces created from this clay are ornamental as well as traditional pieces for everyday use such as comals, dishes, storage containers and flowerpots. [16] Most Europeans and their descendants tended to concentrate in cities such as Ciudad Real, Comitán, Chiapa and Tuxtla. Most of the rock is limestone allowing for a number of formations such as caves and sinkholes. In 1823, the Junta General de Gobierno was held and Chiapas declared independence again. The first coat of arms of the region dates from 1535 as that of the Ciudad Real (San Cristóbal de las Casas). Bonampak is known for its well preserved murals. [59], From the 1970s on, some 100,000 people set up homes in this rainforest area, with many being recognized as ejidos, or communal land-holding organizations. [66] The main concession that the group received was the San Andrés Accords (1996), also known as the Law on Indian Rights and Culture. This requirement caused many to leave and look for employment elsewhere. Another was that much of Chiapas was not attractive to the Spanish. Another is that most indigenous communities can no longer provide for their own needs through agriculture. El clima es cálido . [21][22] Women are distinguished by a black skirt with a wool belt and an undyed cotton bloused embroidered with flowers. [86], The capital of Sak Tz’i’ (an Ancient Maya kingdom) now named Lacanja Tzeltal, was revealed by researchers led by associate anthropology professor Charles Golden and bioarchaeologist Andrew Scherer in the Chiapas in the backyard of a Mexican farmer in 2020. ¿Cuándo se separó Chiapas de Guatemala? Most Chiapan amber is worked into jewelry including pendants, rings and necklaces. El origen de los aluxes ( Film ) Lacandón. Durante septiembre de 2009, Prensa Libre publicó láminas educativas del mapa geográfico de Guatemala; cómo el Reino Unido se apropia del territorio beliceño y por qué el presidente, Justo . In addition to meat dishes, there is chirmol, a cooked tomato sauced flavored with chili pepper, onion and cilantro and zats, butterfly caterpillars from the Altos de Chiapas that are boiled in salted water, then sautéed in lard and eaten with tortillas, limes, and green chili pepper. Tourism has become important in some areas of the state, especially in San Cristóbal de las Casas and Palenque. [62] Many[quantify] blamed the unrest on infiltration of leftists among the large Central American refugee population in Chiapas,[63] and the rebellion opened up splits in the countryside between those supporting and opposing the EZLN. This problem has been at crisis proportions since the 1970s, and the government's reaction has been to encourage peasant farmers—mostly indigenous—to migrate into the sparsely populated Lacandon Jungle, a trend since earlier in the century. [61] It is estimated that in the 1980s to 1990s as many as 100,000 indigenous people moved from the mountain areas into cities in Chiapas, with some moving out of the state to Mexico City, Cancún and Villahermosa in search of employment. 16.5% have no schooling at all, 59.6% have only primary school/secondary school, 13.7% finish high school or technical school and 9.8% go to university.
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