Pharmacology Pharmacology Definition. 2.) Convulsive muscle contraction in which rigidity and relaxation alternate in rapid succession. Click here to study/print these flashcards. Hormones (triiodothyronine and thyroxine, respectively) synthesized and released by the thyroid gland. Fungal infection previously called monilia, now known to be. Show Chapters Hide Chapters. The enzymatic biotransformation of a drug into metabolites. For example, in the equation of a straight line, y = mx + b, x is normally the independent variable (the variable under experimental control), y is the dependent (measured) variable, and the slope m and intercept b are parameters, which are the same for a given line, but may be different for a different line. Requirement of repeated drug consumption in order to prevent onset of withdrawal symptoms. Substance that causes the removal (expulsion) of mucous secretions from the respiratory system; drug that helps clear the lungs of respiratory secretions. Composed of a protein substance largely found in hair and nails. Process in which the nephrons produce and release substances (ions, acids, and bases) that facilitate sodium ion reabsorption and maintain acid-base balance. Decimal fraction with a denominator of 100. Eventually, the concentration of X would decrease to the point that it did not saturate Y, and the inactivation would proceed according to first-order kinetics. Its usefulness depends upon the sanction it receives from the medical community and the public; and the extent to which it governs the language and practice of those for whose use it is intended:). Effective dose 50, or dose that will produce an effect that is half of the maximal response. Intrinsic Activity, Affinity, Antagonism. Chemical action of a substance to bond permanently to a metal ion. Pharmacodynamics, which in common usage is usually termed “pharmacology”, is concerned with the study of drug effects and how they are produced. Intermediary kind of male germ cell in the production of spermatozoa. Quizzes. A thin membrane enclosing a striated (skeletal) muscle fiber. As in comparing ED50s from two different drugs, the comparison of the LD50 and ED50 (therapeutic index) is most meaningful when the dose-effect curves from which the ED50 and LD50 are inferred are parallel. Inhibition of automatic responses controlled by the medulla, such as breathing or cardiac function. The relationship of one number to another expressed by whole numbers (1:5) or as a fraction (1/5). Route of drug administration; drug is injected directly into a vein. An abnormal widening or ballooning of a portion of an artery due to weakness in the wall of the blood vessel. Introduction to Pharmacology Final Free Practice Test Instructions. A special case of synergy (q.v.) Protein necessary for intestinal absorption of vitamin B12; lack of intrinsic factor leads to pernicious anemia. The definition of a specific T or τ may be explicit or may be inferred from the context in which it is found. Refers to drugs (anticholinergic) that decrease activity of the parasympathetic nervous system. The pharmacodynamicist, or pharmacologist, identifies the effects produced by drugs, and determines the sites and mechanisms of their action in the body. A fat (lipid) normally synthesized by the liver; essential for the structure and function of cells. as official standards, and the two are now published as a single volume. Transfer of impulses along a nerve by the movement of sodium and potassium ions. The pooled deviation of observed from expected values of output, all divided by the amplification, yields the “index of precision”. Drugs are commonly considered capable of participating in one or more of the following general kinds of therapy: A single drug may have two or more therapeutic effects in the same patient at the same or different times, or in different patients. 'Pharmac-' refers to a drug or medication and ' … Since these idealized conditions are unobtainable in practice, the volume of distribution of a drug can only be approximated using experimental data. Unusually high concentration of calcium in the blood; high serum calcium; elevated concentration of calcium ions in the circulating blood. Dummy, Negative Control Drug, Positive Control Drug. Placing a drug on the surface of the skin or a mucous membrane (for example, mouth, rectum). A condition where the concentration of salt (sodium, electrolytes) is greater than that found inside the cells. where the time required (n?) Dryness of the oral cavity resulting from inhibition of the natural moistening action of salivary gland secretions or increased secretion of salivary mucus, rather than serous material. Chemical mediator produced by immune cells that increases immune function. Study of drugs with immunosuppressive and immunomodulating actions. A type of cell formed after macrophages in the artery wall digest LDL cholesterol; a transformed macrophage. Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that form a solid mass; also called a neoplasm. A. Enzyme that digests protein in the stomach. Hydrolysis of glycogen to yield free glucose. It is the science of what is happening to your body and to the drug itself. Male sex hormone responsible for the development of male characteristics. Drugs that only interact with one of the enzymes in the cyclooxygenase family. Cf. Protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen to all tissues of the body. (Formally, the idea of “risk” is applicable to the study of both desirable and undesirable events.). Form of general anesthesia in which patients do not appear to be unconscious. Parameter should be distinguished from the independent and dependent variables. It emerged as a major area in American medicine largely due to the efforts of John Jacob Abel (1857- 1938) who stressed the importance of chemistry in medicine, did research on the endocrine glands, first isolated epinephrine … Drug that has the potential for abuse and thus is regulated by law. To induce or develop a reaction to naturally occurring substances (allergens) as a result of repeated exposure. A substance capable of producing an allergic reaction. Polypeptide substance synthesized by the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary gland that regulates water balance in the body by altering urine volume at the collecting ducts. Pharmacological side effects are true drug effects. Inflammation of the walls of the veins, associated with clot formation. Pharmaco d ynamics: That is what the d rug do to your body. To help study terms for test. Pharmacology is a branch of science, which deals with the ‘kinetics’ and ‘dynamics’ of the drug molecule. Pharmacokinetics includes study of drug absorption and distribution (“biotranslocation”), study of the chemical alterations a drug may undergo in the body, (“biotransformation”), and study of the means by which drugs are stored in the body and eliminated from it. State in which a substance has accumulated to potentially harmful levels in the body. Basic Principles of Pharmacology This is the first course module in the pharmacology series. Drug that attaches to a receptor, does not initiate an action, but blocks an agonist from producing an effect; drug that binds to a receptor and interferes with other drugs or substances from producing a drug effect. Stands for erythropoietin stimulating agent. Hormone released by the alpha cells of the pancreas to increase plasma glucose concentration. The purpose of such a comparison is to express the amount or degree of the designated property in the “other “material as a fraction or multiple of the amount or degree of the property contained in the standard. Difference in the effects of drugs and drug dosages from one person to another. Compound that contains halogen (chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine) combined with hydrogen and carbon. Group of enzymes located primarily in the liver thatfunction to metabolize (biotransformation) drugs. Effect in which a great volume of acid is secreted by the stomach in response to the reduced acid environment caused by antacid neutralization. A firm, elevated swelling of the skin often pale red in color and itchy; a sign of allergy. Substance that interacts with tissues to produce most of the symptoms of allergy. Pharmacogenetic studies illuminate many intraspecific and interspecific similarities, and differences in pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic mechanisms. Specific tissue where a hormone exerts its action. Uppermost layers of the cerebrum involved in sensory perception, voluntary motor control, and all higher intellectual abilities. A painful spasm of the anal sphincter, causing an urgent desire to defecate although little or no material is passed. pharmacology definition: 1. the study of medicines and drugs, including their action, their use, and their effects on the…. Anatomy Notes-Nursing Program 2017 Test Bank for An Introduction to the History of Psychology 7th Edition Test Bank for Anatomy and Physiology The Unity of Form and Function 8th edition Test Bank for Applied Pharmacology for the Dental Hygienist 7th Edition Test Bank for Brunner and Suddarth’s Textbook of Medical Surgical Nursing 14th Edition Test Bank for Community and Public Health … Drug: is a chemical substance that interact with a living system to give a response . Requirement of larger doses to be consumed in order to obtain the desired effects; decreased drug effect occurring after repeated drug administration. Describes the processes of drug absorption, drug distribution, drug metabolism, and drug excretion. Premature contraction of the ventricles, usually caused by an ectopic focus. Uppermost part of the brainstem that regulates sensory and motor impulses traveling to and from the cerebral cortex. More than Pharmacy, although often confused with pharmacology, is, in fact, an independent discipline concerned with the art and science of the preparation, compounding, and dispensing of drugs. Pharmacology has two major branches: Pharmacokinetics – This describes the activities or drug’s actions as it moves through the body. Angina pectoris caused by increased physical exertion. Cf. Parameters in one experiment (stimulus strength, for example) might well be independent variables in another. Infection in the blood caused by the yeast. “Tolerance” should not be used to mean “lack of sensitivity” manifested toward a single dose of a drug. The action can be limited to an area of the body according to the site of administration. The process whereby drug is eliminated from the liver/biliary tract into the GI tract and then reabsorbed from the GI tract back to the liver. Lack of responsiveness of cancer cells to chemotherapy. A drug, chemical, or dosage form, etc., of specified properties used as the basis for quantitative comparison with other materials of qualitatively similar properties. “A medicine or preparation with no inherent pertinent pharmacologic activity that is effective only by virtue of the factor of suggestion attendant upon its administration.” A placebo is frequently used as a negative control in a blind experiment to prevent results from being confounded by the effect of suggestion. Disease of severe symptoms, which could be fatal if left untreated. A fat formed by three fatty acids into one molecule that supplies energy to muscle cells. Process in which water moves across membranes following the movement of sodium ions. Pharmacology is also responsible for painkillers, caffeine drinks and antibiotics. Quiz 1 15 Questions. The receptor hypothesis is indispensable to pharmacologists in analyzing and interpreting the actions of some drugs; however, reasonable care should be exercised that “receptor” does not become a catch-all phrase used to explain all drug actions or the actions of all drugs. The therapeutic index is ordinarily calculated from data obtained from experiments with animals. Preventing pregnancy by preventing either conception (joining of egg and sperm) or implantation in the uterus. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Lower than the normal range of plasma glucose concentration in the blood; fasting blood glucose below 40 mg/dl in women or 50 mg/dl in men accompanied by symptoms of diabetes. Amount of time it takes for food to travel from the mouth to the anus. The word pharmacology comes from the Greek words pharmakos, meaning medicine or drug, and logos, meaning study. Common measure of solution concentration; refers to grams of solute per 100 ml of solution. In some cases, it may be necessary to increase the dose of the drug to attain the same effect, or the original level of effect may be unattainable. 19 Basic principles of pharmacology John J. Nagelhout, PhD, CRNA, FAAN Definitions Additive Effect: Occurs when a second drug with properties similar to the first is added to produce an effect equal to the algebraic sum of the effects of the two individual drugs. Heart disease caused by weakness of the contractile force of the myocardium; condition in which the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to the tissues of the body. In these terms, the positive control drug is a “standard”, and the independent variable may be considered the ” unknown” in a bioassay. Part of the nephron that is closest to the collecting duct. An enzyme that inactivates acetylcholine. Cf. See: Foster, R.H.K., J. Pharmacol. An expression of the activity of a drug, in terms of the concentration or amount needed to produce a defined effect; an imprecise term that should always be further defined (see EC50, ED50). The infusion of large amounts of fluid into a vein to increase blood volume or supply nourishment. Loss of voluntary muscle movement; restless leg movement. Irreversible chemical bond that some cancer drugs form with nucleic acids and DNA. Part of the nephron that is closest to the glomerulus. Type of bacteria that cause disease; a microorganism that causes disease. Ratio of the LD50 to the ED50 in animal studies. Human immunodeficiency virus, responsible for producing AIDS. A dose of drug just sufficient to produce a pre-selected effect. Specifically, precision is computed in several steps. Origin of the pain is in a different location than where the individual feels the pain. Selectivity is generally a desirable property in a drug, e.g., it is desirable that an antibacterial agent affect parasites in doses too small to affect host cells. Pharmacology definition is - the science of drugs including their origin, composition, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic use, and toxicology. Time required to take a patient from consciousness to Stage III of anesthesia. If, with increasing doses of material, a time-concentration curve and a dose-effect curve cannot be demonstrated, one cannot conclude that the material is responsible for the effects observed. Risk management may involve decreasing the size of the population at risk (e.g., by prohibiting the use of a chemical as a food additive), altering the conditions of exposure (e.g., requiring adequate ventilation in an industrial environment), developing and using therapeutic regimens to minimize the consequences of exposure, etc. Washing with fluids or flushing of a cavity such as the stomach. Neuropeptides produced within the CNS that interact with opioid receptors to produce analgesia. Volume of Distribution, Compartment(s). With repeated doses, at equal intervals, peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) approach but, in theory, never reach Css,max. Careful use of a negative control drug in an experiment prevents erroneous conclusions about the apparent activity of a test preparation; use of a positive control drug prevents making erroneous conclusions about apparent inactivity of a test preparation. Drug produced by a chemical process outside the body. Inflammation of the bronchioles associated with constriction of smooth muscle, wheezing, and edema; respiratory disease characterized by bronchoconstriction, shortness of breath, and wheezing. Follicle stimulating hormone. the routes of administration, influence of rates of absorption, differential distribution, and the body’s mechanisms of excretion and detoxification, on the total effect of a drug. “Experimental pharmacology, in the broadest sense, deals with the reactions of living organisms to chemical agents, or, to put the matter in another way, the behavior of organisms to changes in the chemical environment in which they live. Time-concentration curves tend to be hyperbolic in form: as dose increases latency decreases and vice versa. Movement characteristic of the intestines, in which circular contraction and relaxation propel the contents toward the rectum. Chemical substance that produces a change in body function. Substance (synthetic or naturally occurring) that inhibits the body’s reaction to painful stimuli or perception of pain. Such a patient might be simultaneously hypersensitive to aspirin, and insensitive to aspirin, acting as an analgesic agent. Alkaloid drug in tobacco that stimulates ganglionic receptors.

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